Tools
Formulas & Calculators
Tap-to-compute essentials with the why behind them.
Density Altitude
DA = pressure altitude corrected for temperature. High DA = degraded performance.
Pressure altitude
1500 ft
Density altitude
3060 ft
ISA deviation
+13.0 °C
True Airspeed
TAS grows with altitude and temperature — flight planning uses TAS, not CAS.
TAS
125 kt
Wind Components
Crosswind vs your demonstrated limit. Headwind drives takeoff/landing distance.
Crosswind
7.5 kt
Headwind
13.0 kt
Top of Descent
Where to start down so you arrive at target altitude on profile.
Distance to TOD
37.3 nm
Required Descent Rate
ATC said 'cross XYZ at 4,000'. Here's the FPM you actually need.
Required descent
960 fpm
Gradient
320 ft/NM
Visual Descent Point
Non-precision approach: the latest point you can leave MDA on a normal 3° glide.
VDP from threshold
1.50 nm
Climb Gradient → FPM
SID published in ft/NM — convert to the VSI you can actually fly.
Required climb
367 fpm
Turn Radius & Std-Rate Bank
Plan circling approaches and procedure turns by knowing your radius.
Turn radius
0.36 nm
Standard-rate bank (TAS/10 + 7)
19°
Pivotal Altitude
Eights-on-pylons: altitude where the wing seems pinned to the pylon. GS² / 11.3.
Pivotal altitude AGL
799 ft
Mach Number
Above ~FL250 you fly Mach, not IAS — convert TAS to Mach at temp.
Mach
0.773
Endurance & Specific Range
How long can you stay airborne, and how far per gallon.
Endurance
5.88 hr
Specific range (@135 kt TAS)
15.88 nm/gal
Point of No Return
Furthest point you can fly out and still return on remaining fuel.
PNR distance
317 nm
Equal Time Point
Halfway in time, not distance — critical for engine-out diversion choice.
ETP from departure
169 nm
1-in-60 Rule
Old-school track error: 1 NM off after 60 NM = 1° heading error.
Track error
4.0°
Convective Cloud Base
Spread between temp and dewpoint tells you how high cumulus bases will form.
Cloud base AGL
4000 ft
TAS Rule of Thumb
Quick mental math: add 2% per 1,000 ft of pressure altitude to your IAS.
Approx TAS
124 kt
Maneuvering Speed (Va) — Weight Adjusted
Va decreases with weight. Lighter aircraft = lower Va. Critical in turbulence.
Adjusted Va
95 kt
Hydroplaning Speed
On a wet runway, rotating tires hydroplane at ≈ 9 × √(tire pressure). Land slower or expect a sled ride.
Hydroplaning speed
49 kt
Weight & Balance — CG
Σ(weight × arm) ÷ Σ(weight) = CG. Stay inside the envelope or stay on the ground.
Total weight
2080 lb
CG
39.35 in aft of datum
Ground Speed / Kecepatan Tanah
GS = TAS corrected for wind along track. Positive wind = tailwind; negative = headwind.
Ground speed
130 kt
Tailwind increases GS.
Takeoff Distance / Jarak Lepas Landas
Actual takeoff distance must come from your aircraft POH performance charts. Use this as a checklist of the key factors.
POH required / Wajib POH
Refer to POH performance charts / Lihat grafik performa POH
Key factors / Faktor utama:
• Higher weight / Berat lebih besar → longer / lebih jauh
• Higher DA / Ketinggian kerapatan lebih tinggi → longer / lebih jauh
• Headwind / Angin berlawanan → shorter / lebih dekat
• Upslope / Menanjak → longer (takeoff) / lebih jauh
• Grass/wet / Rumput/basah → longer / lebih jauh
Landing Distance / Jarak Mendarat
Actual landing distance must come from your aircraft POH performance charts. Use this as a checklist of the key factors.
POH required / Wajib POH
Refer to POH performance charts / Lihat grafik performa POH
Key factors / Faktor utama:
• Higher weight / Berat lebih besar → longer / lebih jauh
• Higher DA / Ketinggian kerapatan lebih tinggi → longer / lebih jauh
• Headwind / Angin berlawanan → shorter / lebih dekat
• Upslope / Menanjak → shorter (landing) / lebih dekat
• Grass/wet / Rumput/basah → longer / lebih jauh